Redefining alliances in Europe: Hungary’s and Poland’s alliance policies between 1989 and 2023

Abstract

In recent years, traditional alliances such as NATO and the EU have come under pressure. Changes in global power and growing divisions within Europe raise questions about the relevance of these alliances. This research looks at how Hungary and Poland, two countries with a similar background and history, have changed their alliance policies between 1989 and 2023. The main question is: How have Hungary’s and Poland’s alliance policies evolved since the end of the Cold War, and why? To answer this question, this study uses a qualitative approach based on primary sources analysis of national policy documents, speeches and security strategies with academic literature. It uses the key ideas from the modern alliance theory, alliances, strategic partnerships, multivectorism, and introduces a new concept, selective commitment. The research shows that Hungary has shifted away from a fully alliance-based strategy and now follows a multi-vector foreign policy. It keeps NATO and EU membership but builds closer ties with powers like Russia and China. Poland, in contrast, remains strongly committed to NATO and acts as a leading defender on Europe’s eastern flank, but it has had conflicts with the EU. These findings suggest that while alliances still matter in Europe, their meaning is being redefined. States are no longer connected through shared threats or obligations but increasingly act based on national interest within the alliances. The concept of selective commitment helps explain how states remain in alliances while selectively choosing which rules to follow and which to ignore. This research contributes to understanding the evolving nature of alliances in Europe and suggests the need for further research into how other states navigate similar pressures. As European security continues to evolve, the flexibility and resilience of alliances will be crucial for future relevance.