Heterogeneity of senescence cancer cells and their pleiotropic non-cell autonomous effects

Abstract

Cellular senescence, a response to various stress signals, involves a stable exit from the cell cycle along with significant changes in cell function and physiology. Although many studies have focused on senescence in non-cancerous cells, it is evident that cancer cells can also enter a senescent state. Senescent cancer cells exhibit considerable variability due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review, we explore the heterogenous autonomous and non-cell autonomous characteristics of senescent cancer cells and their diverse relationship to tumor progression. In addition, we discuss the potential and challenges of using senotherapies as novel anti-cancer treatments. By understanding the context-specific effects of senescent cancer cells, we may be able to harness their tumor-suppressive benefits while minimizing their harmful consequences, leading to new therapeutic strategies for cancer.