mRNA features that guide translational control

Abstract

Features encoded in the mRNA contribute substantially to the translation efficiency of a transcript. After processing of the 5’ and 3’ end and export of the mRNA to the cytoplasm, translation is initiated via a cap-dependent or capindependent mechanism. We describe how inhibition of global translation is controlled by limiting translation initiation factors and how specific mRNAs benefit from this to increase their expression during these conditions. We also discuss how the mRNA codes for structural and regulatory elements which can be recognised by trans acting factors to promote or inhibit translation. Finally, we discuss how relatively new concepts as the epitranscriptome, codon optimality and even the sequence of the nascent peptide influence translation rates.