Unveiling the gendered narratives in the Dutch public discourse surrounding (returned) female ISIS fighters

Abstract

This study examines how the Dutch public discourse framed female foreign fighters of ISIS utilizing gendered stereotypes. In particular, the gendered narratives developed by Sjoberg, Gentry, and Schmidt; the mother, monster, whore, and (stupid) victim are used to explore whether and how gendered stereotypes influenced the framing of these women. Gendered narratives offer a simplification to describe and comprehend the world utilizing prescribed gender assumptions on how men and women are expected to act during conflict. Women are therefore not seen as violent actors and are viewed as passive victims and mothers in need of saving. When examining the agency of the foreign fighters of ISIS women had multiple roles and were of great significance in facilitating the jihad of ISIS. However, the Dutch public discourse used gendered narratives to describe their roles in the Caliphate which deprives these women of their agency. It is relevant to acknowledge how gendered narratives shape our thinking for the sake of transitional justice, gender equality, and better security- and reintegration plans.